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Know

Young children need and deserve the sun, fresh air, and wide-open spaces that outdoor environments offer. Outdoor environments often provide different and more complex materials and surfaces for practicing motor skills and numerous valuable sensory experiences—from the brush of wind, to the smell of freshly cut grass, to sound of crunchy fall leaves. However, outdoor environments can also provide special safety challenges. We will consider, as we did with indoor spaces in Lesson Three, how the facility and materials can impact children’s safety.

The National Program for Playground Safety recommends that child care programs consider four categories for ensuring playground safety. The SAFE categories are:

Supervision

Active supervision is key to keeping young children safe. As discussed in Lesson Two, active supervision involves scanning, predicting, and assessing. You should move through the outdoor space, scanning children and the environment for hazards, predicting potential hazards, and making necessary changes to the environment. Safe equipment and play space is important, but nothing replaces active supervision.

For family child care providers who may use public or shared outdoor spaces, such as an apartment complex playground, part of supervising the outdoor environment includes a safety check upon arrival. See the outdoor safety reminders below for more details, but remember to first survey the area to make sure that the play space is safe for children. In particular, you should make sure the area is free of animal feces, broken glass, paint chips, or trash.

As highlighted in the Outdoor Safety Reminders resource below, to support supervision, a fence or natural barrier is recommended to enclose the outdoor play space. This applies both to spaces the provider may use directly outside their home, as well as any public outdoor spaces (e.g., parks). A barrier naturally helps contain the children in your care, and barriers also help to keep children away from unsafe areas (e.g., pools, ponds, traffic). For family child care providers who often work alone, barriers are an incredibly helpful aspect of the environment that make supervision much easier. If you live in a home where fences are not permitted or visit parks that are not enclosed, extra precaution is necessary including more attentive supervision during outdoor play. You may need to establish special safety rules for your outdoor visits to help protect children (see Lesson Ten for more on establishing rules). For example, perhaps children remain in or near a wagon reading a set of books until you have had a chance to check the playground. Or perhaps children are limited to certain areas in the park and you review this rule with them before each trip.

However, it may also be that some outdoor spaces are simply too unsafe to use, regardless of the rules you establish or your vigilant supervision. If you live right next to a pond or a high-traffic area without an appropriate barrier that can separate the children from the hazard, then this space is simply too dangerous to ensure children’s safety. It is a good idea to talk with your family child care administrator or licensing agent about the outdoor spaces you want to use and assess together whether these are safe spaces.

Remember that playground equipment, trees, or bushes can sometimes block your line of sight. It is important that you find the most appropriate space in each outdoor environment to monitor all the children in your care. Make sure children under 3 are in your line of sight at all times. For very young children who are still learning about what items are unsafe for their mouths and how to safely navigate various equipment and surfaces, choking and falling are significant hazards in outside environments. It only takes a moment for a young child to place a piece of mulch in her or his mouth or to attempt walking down a slide—your active supervision is essential.

Age Appropriateness

Young children are continually developing new skills, practicing emerging skills, and mastering skills. They are likely in different stages of skill development—depending on the ages of the children in your care, some may have mastered walking, and others may be practicing running, discovering climbing, or practicing shooting basketballs. Equipment and surfaces must safely support different levels of developing motor skills. Children should be provided with a wide variety of equipment and materials to use outdoors to support their development. The Learning Environments and Physical Development courses will provide more details about these components.

As highlighted in Lesson Three, the youngest children in your care, infants and toddlers, may lack the cognitive ability to predict consequences of their actions and may lack the motor skills to successfully navigate all aspects of the outdoor environment without significant support. For these reasons, your careful selection of outdoor spaces, materials, and supervision is critical.

It may be difficult to find a playground space that is age-appropriate for all the children in your care, especially if you are caring for infants through school-age children. You will need to think carefully about how you will support each child’s safety outdoors. For example:

• When you travel to the playground designed for children 4 years and older, can you bring a sturdy outdoor push toy or some age-appropriate balls for the younger children?
• When you travel to a playground designed for children ages 2 to 5, can you bring some sports or riding equipment (e.g., scooters with helmets) with you for older children as well as a blanket and appropriate manipulatives for infants?

Fall Surfacing

Children will inevitably fall when they play. It is your job to reduce the frequency and severity of falls. Maintaining proper surface cushions surrounding equipment and proper spacing of equipment will help minimize injuries. So will using the correct height of equipment (for example, see Table 1 in the U.S. Consumer Product and Safety Commission’s handbook on Public Playground Safety, , for tips on the appropriate kind of climbing and playground equipment for children of different ages). Equipment should let children practice skills, but should not be too challenging. If you observe any concerns with fall surfacing, report them to the appropriate local authority, such as the apartment complex manager or the city parks and recreation department. Do not use climbing or swinging equipment until appropriate fall surfaces and zones are provided.

Equipment Maintenance

All materials and equipment must be in good working condition. There should be no evidence of damage, protrusions, or possible entrapments. Another hazard for young children can be excessively hot or cold play surfaces. Hazards from insects or animals (e.g., wasp nests or snake holes) should be considered. If you observe any concerns with equipment or play areas at public or shared outdoor spaces, report them to the appropriate authority.

It is also important to remember that if children play outside your home, the exterior of your home is a potential hazard. Care should be taken to make sure that the exterior of your house does not have siding that protrudes or chipping paint. Remember that this also means that any hazardous substances (e.g., fertilizers, weed killers, insect killers) should be stored away properly and should be properly washed off plants or structures to make sure children do not come into contact with toxic substances.

If you have outdoor climbing equipment at your home, review this safety checklist from the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission regarding home playgrounds:

Remember also to think about protection from the sun. If you will play outside for extended periods of time, particularly in hot climates, make sure that adequate access to shade is available.

See

There are many rules and regulations for equipment, spacing, and materials. Playground checklists often are for children 2 and older, but it is important to remember that even infants and young toddlers should have daily access for play outdoors. The document Playground Information to Use with the Environment Rating Scales contains safety guidelines for all children. It is available as a link in the References & Resources section of this lesson.

Outdoor Materials

As discussed in Lesson Three on indoor environments and materials, it will be equally important that you:

• Check the condition of all materials offered to children outdoors. For example, there should be no broken parts or cracks on sports equipment. This includes fraying or unsecured soccer or basketball nets, which could pose a strangulation hazard.
• Check for recalled materials on the Consumer Product Safety Commission’s website. Visit  to see lists of recalled products.
• Check for potential choking hazards. This is true for toys or sports equipment, but also other elements in the outdoor environment that could fit in a choke tube (e.g., mulch or rocks). It may not be feasible to completely eliminate these hazards, but being aware of them will help you know how to safely support infants’ and toddlers’ engagement in outdoor spaces.
• Check for potentially hazardous plants. Check with your local gardening store for a list of toxic plants. You can also check with your local poison control center (1-800-222-1222)

Remember to consider riding toys, such as bikes, scooters, skateboards, and skates. This equipment offers important motor experiences to children, but care should be taken regarding the appropriate age and developmental level needed to use these items. Helmets should be worn at all times.

Water Play

Although water play is a wonderful sensory and cognitive experience for children, it must also be handled with caution. Water play may occur inside your home, like in a sensory bin, but many providers may wish to offer water play outside to help cool children on hot days.

It is important to remember that wading pools are not a safe or sanitary option.For this reason, sprinklers, water tables, or sensory bins are preferable options. In addition, if there are children younger than 2 years of age in your care, water tables should be less than 6 inches wide or the water should be less than 1 inch deep. There should be no containers of water in which children could drown.

Do

Take an Eye-Level Look

Have you looked at your outdoor spaces while on your knees? Doing so shows us how young children view the world and everything in it. Adults cannot always see everything from our bird's-eye view.

In many settings, your playground or outdoor space may be used by your family or neighbors at night. Or perhaps your program shares a community park. Even if your outdoor space is protected by a fence, it is possible that hazardous materials could find their way into this area. Before you take children outside, you must be vigilant about inspecting the outdoor space each day. Look for

• debris like glass, cigarette butts, litter, and building supplies,
• animal excrement and other foreign material,
• mulch that is spread too thin,
• standing water, ice, or snow,
• surfaces that are too hot or cold for children to touch safely,
• natural objects that might cause harm: sharp rocks, stumps, roots, and branches,
• unsafe insects: anthills, beehives, or wasp nests,
• ditches, holes, wells, traps, and
• exposed power lines or utility equipment.

Remember to check the temperature of play surfaces. Metal or plastic slides, benches, and poured concrete surfaces can get very hot and very cold. Inspect surfaces for cracks caused by temperature changes or water damage.