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Before we delve into exploring sexual behavior challenges, keep in mind that you should always think of children from a whole-child point of view. This means that children’s behavior and development, no matter how disruptive or delayed, are only parts of who they are. It can be easy, given the sensitive nature of sexual development and behavior, to focus in on children’s problems rather than thinking more openly about their uniqueness and strengths. Remember that children’s behavior communicates messages, and an important part of your work as a caregiver is to interpret these messages so you develop a deep understanding of children’s lives, how they relate to the world around them, and the best ways to support their learning and growth.

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Sexual Behavior Challenges: Cautionary and Problematic

Now that you have a base of knowledge for normative sexual development and behavior in children and youth, you may be wondering about development and behavior that is not normative. Perhaps you have observed sexual behavior in your work in child care that doesn’t seem to fit into the normative category or wasn’t easily redirected. Let’s start by defining sexual behavior problems, which we will refer to throughout the course as sexual behavior challenges.

Remember that sexual behavior in children and youth occurs on a continuum, and what is cautionary for one child may be normative for another child and context. Review the table from Lesson One to remind yourself of the general characteristics of each type of sexual behavior.

As you learn more about sexual behavior challenges, the lines can become even more blurry, especially when considering factors such as children’s intent. Review the table below for examples of cautionary and problematic sexual behavior arranged by developmental stage. Keep in mind that these examples are guidelines, not hard rules. What is normative sexual behavior versus a sexual behavior challenge may vary depending on various factors (culture and family, development, intention, frequency and participation, environment, effect on others, and ability for redirection).

What are your initial feelings about the behaviors described? Perhaps you’ve observed some of these behaviors in your work, or you may feel shocked or upset. While it is upsetting to think of children in some of the circumstances described, knowledge builds understanding and awareness. It is difficult to give an estimate for how common sexual behavior problems are in children and youth because there are not definite descriptions for what is normative versus a sexual behavior challenge. Some research suggests 2 to 3 percent of children will demonstrate sexual behaviors problems (Carpentier et al., 2006; Chaffin et al., 2008); whereas, the majority of children display some normative behaviors at some point during childhood (Kellogg, 2009). It is likely that you will encounter children with sexual behavior challenges at some point during your work in child care. The more informed you are about these behaviors, their complex nature, and how to respond, the more supportive you can be to these children and their families.

Behavior Communicates Messages

Take some time to think about sexual behavior challenges from the perspective of children, and remember that behavior communicates messages. When children and youth have sexual behavior challenges, what messages do you think they are trying to communicate? As you explore this question, it may be helpful to think generally about challenging behavior. “Acting out,” “disobeying,” and “inappropriate behavior” are often the result of children lacking the developmental and relationship-building skills needed to meet the expectations of the adults around them. When children have sexual behavior challenges, they are often trying to communicate the following messages:

As you reflect on the statements above, how do these messages influence your thoughts on children with sexual behavior challenges? Do you see cautionary and problematic sexual behaviors as “acting out,” “disobeying,” and “inappropriate?” Or do you suspect children with sexual behavior challenges feel confused, scared, and unsure of themselves? If you have observed sexual behavior challenges in your program, think back on those experiences and the messages those children may have been trying to communicate. Though we do not view sexual behavior challenges as ideal for children’s development and well-being, some children may have had experiences where these behaviors are adaptive for them or provide them something they need. For example, some children engage in sexual behaviors to cope with trauma or to gain relational closeness with others (Gilgum, 2006).

Risk Factors for Sexual Behavior Challenges

Sexual behavior problems occur in children for a variety of reasons, and there are often multiple factors that contribute to children and youth having these behaviors. Review the risk factors that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior problems in children and youth.

Children with sexual behavior challenges often exhibit other challenging behaviors and social difficulties such as a lack of impulse control, difficulty following the rules, difficulty making friends or initiating play with others, and limited self-regulations skills. Learn more about challenging behaviors including prevention strategies and how to provide appropriate supports to children experiencing behavior challenges in the �Թ��� Focused Topics Course �Թ���ing Children With Challenging Behaviors.

When Sexual Behavior May be a Sign of Abuse

If you recall the information you’ve learned elsewhere on the �Թ���, there are some shared risk factors for sexual behavior challenges and child abuse and neglect. Nevertheless, it is important not to assume that children with sexual behavior problems have also been abused. There are many instances where children with no history of abuse or neglect have sexual behavior challenges. Review the Child Abuse: Identification & Reporting course if you need support in determining whether an observed sexual behavior may be a sign of abuse and warrants a mandated report. This can be very difficult to do, and these situations are often stressful and upsetting for child care professionals. If you are unsure whether you should make a report or if you feel you need support after making a report, speak with a coach, trainer, or administrator. Remember that it is not your role to determine if abuse has actually occurred, but you have fulfilled your duty as a mandated reporter and possibly stopped child abuse from further occurring when you report suspected and definitive child abuse and neglect.

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Children with sexual behavior challenges benefit most when adults recognize they have these challenges early. Listen as experts describe sexual behavior challenges, risk factors that may make children more susceptible, and protective factors or conditions that help children overcome sexual behavior challenges. Protective factors support children through adversity. Can you think of other circumstances when protective factors minimize risk to children’s well-being?

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Language Matters: Speaking About Children and Youth with Sexual Behavior Challenges

Think back to the reflective opportunities in Lesson One of this course when you thought about your own experiences and beliefs on sexual development and behavior in children and youth. You learned that there are a wide range of cultural and personal beliefs around this topic that influence one’s comfort level and also frame reactions to sexual behavior in children. Keep this in mind when you communicate with coworkers and families about children and youth with sexual behavior challenges. Similar to when you speak about children with disabilities, use person-first language. For example, “Lora has a history of sexual behavior challenges” is preferred over, “Lora is a problem child,” “sex offender,” “abuser,” or “sexual predator.” These terms stigmatize children and are inaccurate, given that the vast majority of children with sexual behavior challenges who receive research-based intervention do not continue these behaviors into adolescence and adulthood (Silovsky, Swisher, Widdifield, & Burris, 2012). The language used to describe children with sexual behavior challenges can affect how your program’s community and other systems of support, such as child welfare and law enforcement, make decisions. A term such as “sex offender” can have specific meaning to someone in law enforcement who may have little or no training on child development. A sex offender is a legal term for someone who has been convicted of a sexual offense.  Also, what messages do we send children when we label them in this way? How do you think children and youth feel when they are called terms such as “deviant”? Children, their families, and the community may interpret some terms to mean that these children are bad, rather than guiding them to understand that what they did was wrong, but it does not mean they are bad children. Shaming children can deeply affect their social-emotional well-being and future behaviors, and it is important to use a whole-child point of view when supporting children with sexual behavior challenges. Review the examples below for appropriate versus inappropriate terms for children with sexual behavior challenges. 

Preventing Sexual Behavior Challenges Through Community-Wide Safe Media and Technology Use

Think about the ever-present role of media and technology in our lives. As it becomes more common for families to have various electronic devices in their homes and for children and youth to spend increasing amounts of time on them, many children’s access to sexually explicit content occurs earlier and through more mediums (TV, social media, internet search, print). Even in family environments where there is close supervision of children and their media use, it is impossible to control everything children are exposed to.

Peers can heavily influence the sexual knowledge of other children. Children from families who closely follow the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations (; ) attend programs with children from families who may have devices on throughout the day with limited supervision. Most families’ practices may be somewhere in the middle, but know that the children in your program have diverse experiences with media at home. Children with more knowledge and exposure to sexual content through media may talk about what they’ve seen and heard with peers, and the sexual knowledge of one child in your program can influence the sexual knowledge of many other children.

Let’s consider how media use affects the severity or type of sexual behavior. Two 7-year-old children might engage in, “show me yours, and I’ll show you mine” behavior and expose their private parts to each other. This on its own is a normative sexual behavior driven by curiosity and is likely harmless. If one of the children in this situation used a tablet and began to take pictures of child’s genitals, this becomes a much more serious concern and under some laws may be considered child pornography. While you cannot control what happens in families’ homes, family life experiences affect children’s knowledge and behavior while in your program. Building community awareness of the effects media exposure may have on sexual behavior creates a community that is more knowledgeable on how to prevent sexual behavior challenges.