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“Communication works for those who work at it.” - John Powell

Know

Children are able and ready communicators. They communicate through gestures, sounds, facial expressions, movements, behaviors, and language. This next section will highlight language and communication milestones for children from birth through age 12. It will be followed by a section that discusses these milestones by introducing three aspects of language and communication to think about: receptive language, expressive language, and conversation skills.

Milestones

Language and communication develop with extraordinary speed during the early-childhood years. Most children babble around 6 months, say their first words at about 1 year, use combined words around the end of their second year, and by the time they are 4- and 5-year-olds, they have elaborate vocabularies and know basic grammar rules.

As you may have already learned in the Cognitive Development and Physical Development courses, milestones provide a guide for when to expect certain skills or behaviors to emerge. Think of milestones as guidelines to help you understand and identify typical patterns of growth and development or to help you know when and what to look for as young children mature. As a family child care provider, you can use this information, what you learn from families, and your own knowledge to enrich the interactions, experiences, and environments you create for children in your family child care program.

Infant and Toddler Milestones

Infants’ and toddlers’ abilities to communicate grow as they interact with others. The sounds, tones, and patterns of speech that an infant hears early on sets the stage for learning a specific language. They begin to understand words, express themselves using words, and learn the rules of conversation in their language.

Think of how exciting it is to hear young infants making new sounds each day, hear an infant say new words, or listen to toddlers stringing words together. The information on the chart below is a comprehensive list of language & communication milestones that children typically develop during infancy and toddlerhood. Keep in mind that individual differences exist when it comes to the specific age at which infants and toddlers meet milestones; each child is unique. A brief version of this information aimed at parents can be found in an easy-to-use checklist from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the Learn section.

Preschool Milestones

Children continue to develop during the preschool years. They increase their vocabulary, use longer and more complex sentences, engage in problem solving, and talk about more than just what is happening at the moment. They talk about things that happened in the past, as well as things that will happen in the future. Think of how exciting it is to watch a 3-year-old grow from stringing a few words together to holding elaborate conversations. The chart below highlights preschoolers’ communication skills as they grow. It’s important to keep in mind that each child is unique and individual differences exist when it comes to the precise age at which children meet these milestones. A brief version of this information aimed at parents can be found in an easy-to-use checklist from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the Learn section.

School-Age Milestones

The school-age years are full of rich development in how children use language and develop literacy skills. Communication skills are vital to interacting and participating in all aspects of a child’s environment. To better examine the communication skills of school-age children and youth, we break communication up into four major components: listening, speaking, reading, and writing.

Listening 
Listening is a two-part process. The first part is actually hearing what is being communicated and the second part is relating that information to your own personal experiences or knowledge.

Speaking 
Listening and speaking are closely linked and tend to develop simultaneously. The act of speaking allows children and youth to express their feelings and emotions and share information. As children and youth develop throughout the school-age years, they develop more sophisticated speaking skills and vocabularies.

Reading

Reading is an essential part of the way we communicate. It exposes children and youth to various forms of dialogue and written language. School-age children and youth will begin as emergent readers who are learning how to identify sounds and view them as words on the page. As they grow, their reading skills will develop. Reading levels are usually categorized as grade levels; for example, a third-grade reading book. However, children and youth may vary in reading levels, even with their peers. Encouraging a love of reading and allowing children and youth to read what interests them are the best ways to keep them engaged with reading.

Writing

Writing is important to communication development because it allows children and youth to express themselves and share information. Traditionally, writing is putting pencil to paper, but we also need to include typing and sharing information digitally. Children will begin to understand that letters make up words, which make up sentences, and so on. Younger school-age children are learning how to spell words correctly and may spell words based on how they sound, rather than use correct spelling. This will continue to improve and develop over time.

The following Communications Benchmarks interactive guide contains common points for kindergarten through fifth-grade children. (This chart is also available as an attachment in the Learn section.) When looking at developmental milestones of any kind, remember that all children and youth develop at their own pace. While we use these milestones as a guideline, they are not the only aspect that should be considered when looking at child’s development.

How Children Communicate

As you study the charts above and in the attachment below, you will notice that some milestones are associated with children’s ability to listen to and understand language (receptive communication). Other milestones relate to children’s ability to express themselves using sounds, movements, gestures, facial expressions and words (expressive communication). And still other milestones pertain to children's knowledge and ability to engage in communication exchanges with peers or adults (social engagement). Let’s take a look at how these aspects of communication unfold as part of the remarkable development of young children from birth to age 12.

Receptive Communication

Receptive communication refers to children’s ability to listen to and understand language. Infants begin to understand language as part of their nurturing relationships with responsive, trusting adults and are able to make sense of gestures, facial expressions and words well before they are able to verbally express themselves.

During the preschool years, language comprehension increases dramatically. Children begin to understand more words, longer sentences, and more elaborate questions. They understand the names of most things in their daily environment (nouns for persons, pets, or things they see or use each day, such as mom, dad, dog, cat, shoes, ball) and actions they see or engage in each day (verbs such as running, hopping, drinking, or jumping). Children also begin to learn new descriptive words (adjectives such as soft, hard, or smooth), and emotion words (adjectives such as mad, sad, happy, scary).

Understanding language is closely related to young children’s cognitive development. Three-year-olds begin to use and understand “why,” “when,” and “how” questions. By the time they are 4, children understand many words for colors, shapes, and sizes.

Understanding language is also closely related to early literacy and math skill development. During the fourth year, children learn to understand letter names and sounds and number names and values. Receptive language is essential for success in preschool, as children need to understand how to follow directions and listen to what providers, other significant adults in their lives, or peers have to say.

As children move through the school-age years, their ability to remember information, respond to instructions, and follow sequences of information improves. They begin developing the ability to draw conclusions from what they hear and to form opinions.

Expressive Communication

Expressive communication is the ability for children to express themselves through sounds, gestures, facial expressions and words. A beginning point for expressive communication is the infant’s cry. Cooing is another form of early communication and can begin as early as one month. By six months, you can hear new sounds like “ma,” “ba,” and “da.” By 24-months, you may hear toddlers using two-word sentences, such as “me go.”

Preschool children learn to use new words every day. They use these new words in conversations and social interactions with peers and adults in their lives. Preschool children use expressive language throughout their day. They talk about their actions, emotions, needs, and ideas. They also respond to what others are saying. This becomes particularly apparent when you watch children playing with each other. They often talk about what they are playing with, describe their actions and ideas for play, and respond to what their friends are saying and doing. These examples highlight how oral language is closely related to social development. Sometimes children also use expressive language to engage in private speech. They may talk to themselves when they are engaged in difficult tasks or when they are excited. For example, a child building a high tower with blocks might say “one more, don’t fall” and a child completing a new or challenging activity might say “I finished the big puzzle all by myself!”

School-age children are sophisticated speakers. The youngest school-age children are understood by most people, can answer simple questions, can retell stories, and can participate actively in conversations. As they grow, they develop the ability to express ideas in clear and complete sentences, give directions, clarify and explain ideas, summarize, and use language for a variety of purposes.

Social Engagement

Social engagement involves the understanding and use of communication rules such as listening, taking turns, and using appropriate sounds and facial expressions. Conversations involve both understanding (receptive communication) and expressing (expressive communication). Infants and toddlers learn the ways to use sounds, gestures, facial expressions, and words of their family’s language when adults interact, talk, read, or sing with them.

As children grow, social engagement becomes equated with conversation skills. Conversations involve both understanding language (receptive communication) and speaking (expressive communication). Conversation skills involve learning to take turns, listening, speaking, and maintaining interest in a topic. Preschool children begin having conversations with adults and eventually learn to carry out conversations with peers. By school-age, most children carry on complex conversations and can enter and exit conversations appropriately.

Effective Communication with Children

As a family child care provider, you must use your knowledge of child development to communicate appropriately with all the children in your care. Be prepared to use effective strategies for facilitating communication. When working with children of different ages, be mindful to do the following:

Promoting Communication for All Children

You must be prepared to support the communication needs of all children. Language development will be different for each child in your program, and the ways children communicate are strongly shaped by the people in their lives. Adults are the most influential models young children have. As a family child care provider, you play a key role in fostering the language and communication skills of all children in your program. You may need extra support for children who have identified special needs.

Children who have special needs may express language and communicate differently. You may need to adapt the curriculum, environment, and experiences to enable all children to be successful. For example, you might develop a simple picture board that you could use to help children with limited vocabulary say “more please” at snack time. 

Some children in your program may have conditions that affect their language and communication development, including developmental delays, autism, neurological and perceptual disorders, or vision, hearing, speech, or language impairments. Children with individualized education programs (IEPs) or individualized family service plans (IFSPs) have a specific plan to help them meet their personal goals, and very often these children will need changes or adaptations to curriculum, family child care environment, and daily routines.

Children with autism or developmental disabilities also may have difficulties with communication. While some children may be able to engage in play and other experiences with verbal prompts and directions, other children may need visual supports that will make activities, routines or instructions meaningful and easier to understand.

For children with hearing impairments, you may need to adjust the speed or sound of your voice (speaking more clearly or at a slower pace). Children with visual impairments may use Braille or large-print books. Other children may require assistive technology. This may include communication devices that enable them to explore their surroundings and interact with others.

Ways you support the communication of all children:

• Create scripted stories about difficult routines and thoughtfully plan how and when to read them to young children. You can find downloadable samples at . Scripted stories can also be appropriate (with some modification) for older children in your program. You might create a photo book or video about a school-age child’s routine, or you could work directly with the child to develop communication tools that will help them. For example, you might collaborate with a school-age child to develop a checklist about the routines they complete before or after school.
  
• Work with special education or early-intervention professionals to access training on assistive technology or other technology the child needs.
• Learn and consistently use common language techniques. You can repeat, expand, and extend children’s language. For example:
  
• Have problem-solving conversations with a trainer, coach or family child care administrator when there is an issue. If a school-age child’s speech is difficult to understand, for example, brainstorm ways to ensure that the child is a successful communicator in your program. Observe and act quickly if you see any signs of teasing or bullying. You might lead activities with families or children in your program to teach ways to embrace and respond to differences in a respectful way. Consider researching strategies you can use to foster an understanding of differences related to language, ability, culture, and other aspects of human diversity.
• Don’t give up. It can be scary as a family child care provider to try something new or to communicate in new ways with a child or family member. Celebrate small successes and be persistent in your efforts to increase communication.

The process of learning to communicate is specific to each child and family. Many aspects of a child’s environment may contribute to challenges with communication development. A family may wonder about their young child’s communication and language development and feel uncertain about what they are observing and what to expect.

As a family child care provider, you can learn first from a child’s family about any communication challenges their child may be experiencing. You can also offer additional developmental information to families, including possible warning signs for language delays or literacy development. The Kids Included Together website () can be a valuable resource, as can the developmental milestones and "act early" information located on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website, . The table below also highlights possible signs of developmental delays for children at different ages:

�Թ���ing Communication, Language, and Literacy

Effective communication skills are integral to children’s self-expression, their development of social relationships, and to their learning. The foundation for these skills begins at birth and is built throughout the childhood years. When you engage in and sustain interactions with children based on their interests, you help strengthen the child’s role as a partner in communication. Communication and language development happen best in the context of consistent, caring, and responsive relationships.

Your role as family child care provider also offers an opportunity to create an environment that provides what children need to become good communicators early in life. A communication-rich environment is characterized by intentional and frequent use of such strategies as:

• Learning about communication and language development in children
• Talking with and learning from families, as well as observing and identifying the developmental stage of individual children, and offering experiences and activities that can best support their development and learning
• Adding words and ideas to best describe children’s understanding of experiences
• Responding to children’s communication attempts and building on what children are saying
• Using new, complex, and interesting words in conversations
• Following children’s leads, cues, and preferences
• Talking with children throughout the day about the events of the day
• Embedding language games, songs, and rhymes into daily routines and experiences
• Asking children meaningful questions about their actions, interests, events, or feelings
• Reading to children frequently and providing opportunities for children to engage with books and printed materials
• Incorporating alternative ways and systems of communication based on children’s individual needs (e.g., using pictures or visual cues to foster communication)
• Providing daily opportunities to participate in activities that help children learn new skills or practice existing skills in fun, stimulating, and supportive environments

See

Do

Understanding developmental milestones is an important aspect of working with young children. Learning about and understanding how children communicate will help you know how to support them in developing language and communication skills; it will also help you decide what kinds of learning experiences to plan in your family child care home. Consider the following in your daily work with children in your care: